The second week of tutorials has come and gone and, having now experienced the first of my bi-weekly hellscapes, in which three papers are due over seven days, I feel that I can adequately take a step back, reflect, and clarify my mission for the rest of my time here. Before that, a few observations are in order that might help the reader understand the Oxford academic environment.
Firstly, Oxford is not a liberal arts school. Full-time undergraduate students apply to a specific degree program, or “course”, which fully defines the subjects they may study in tutorials during their time here. While some of the courses – like Philosophy & Computer Science, or the ever-popular Politics, Philosophy, & Economics – are by nature interdisciplinary, they nonetheless aim towards a very specific and narrow academic goal, to be achieved in exactly three years. The inability to explore non-major electives, to combine majors and minors in unique ways, or to switch courses easily all indicate a general orientation towards relevant careers, rather than towards broad, inclusive knowledge sets and general critical thinking skills. (That’s not to say that Oxford students lack these – they tend to be highly intelligent and motivated, but have to pursue breadth on their own time, as it were.) When electives are freed up during the later years of study, they are intended to allow for increased specialization. This of course inverts the American model of taking broad electives early and concentrating on a major later on.
Secondly, the nature of the tutorial system restricts the creativity of the average student. In American colleges, we generally have assigned readings, lectures, class discussions, and, in technical fields, problem sets. TA’s organize study sessions. All of this is largely formative – it often has little or no impact on our final grades. Our grades (especially in the humanities and social sciences) are instead determined by a combination of papers and timed examinations, and sometimes presentations. But in these instances, the challenge is to identify some new position that can meaningfully add to the intellectual dialogue created by all of the formative activities. A typical humanities term paper will provide a brief exposition of its motivation, cover some controversies in the existing literature, and then use these as a springboard to introduce an original thesis, interpretation, argument, perspective, or paradigm into the academic dialogue. And while the exposition and understanding of the literature is the essential base of your grade, it is the quality of self-criticism in the constructive element that distinguishes great students of the material from good students of the material.*
In the Oxford tutorial, the same formative experiences do not exist, except for the reading. The only oversight that occurs is the single, hour-long conversation that you have with your tutor every week (or every other week for your minor tutorial). And the only means of demonstrating to them your mastery of the basic subject matter is the paper. Moreover, the paper can only be of limited length, since you need the time to cover it during the hour. AND the paper is covering a topic that full-time students will be examined on at the end of the year, so it is the Oxford tutor’s duty to guarantee that the student internalized the reading in a broad sense and can intelligently understand and articulate the academic dialogue that already exists. Of necessity, then, the typical Oxford tutorial sacrifices some portion of the constructive element of paper-writing for the expository elements, and this detracts from the use of tutorials as the mutual, creative learning enterprise that they at first appear to be. Instead, the structural necessities of the education system incentivize reversion to a more traditional and hierarchical model of instruction, wherein the tutor provides conventional instruction on material not covered or inadequately covered in the paper. The flip side of this is that it provides flexibility: where the student’s understanding is clearly proficient, the discussion can advance on a higher level; where the student’s understanding appears deficient or questionable, the deft tutor can intercede to correct or avoid error. I see no choice but to trust my tutors to judge appropriately, and this gives broad form to my personal manifesto:
I will give my tutors every excuse to engage creative, constructive material during our meetings.
I see this as requiring additional effort on my part to concisely demonstrate mastery of the primary subject matter, to engage conscientiously and generously all secondary literature assigned, and to devise and articulate unique and compelling additions to the scholarly discourse. In short, I can get by at Oxford by doing less work than I would do at Swarthmore, but I can only get what I want out of Oxford by doing considerably more. It is to that higher aim that I want to publicly commit myself.
- I will begin all assigned reading immediately.
- I will complete all primary sources at least three days before the tutorial.
- I will keep detailed notes on all primary sources.
- I will complete all secondary sources at least two days before the tutorial.
- I will use my notes to draft comprehensive summaries of important concepts, and, through multiple revisions, I will make those summaries as concise as possible while remaining true to their meaning.
- I will present the arguments of all sources not merely with their immediate logical implications, but also with their motivating contexts and broad effects within scholarly debate.
- I will construct criticisms, interpretations, and arguments that are subtle, that directly engage the projects of the assigned writers, and that will compel my tutors’ attention and scholarly respect.
I’ve written three papers so far, and I have 21 more to go. I will certainly fail at one of more of these goals in at least some of them, but wish me luck.
*N.B. My Philosophy of Language tutor, who studied in Scotland, assures me that the Oxford style is fairly unique to England. Apparently Germany and Scotland both educate undergraduates more in the style of the U.S., beginning broad and working towards a specialization, at least in academic subjects.